Posted: May 1, 2022 | Updated: 2 months ago
The year was 1908 and Jack Johnson (born John Arthur Johnson) held the title for seven years.
Many people have never heard of Jack Johnson, but his story is one that needs (or indeed begs) to be told.
His story also enables us to reflect on how much times have changed in so many ways – and yet in others hardly at all.
Johnson was born to Henry and Tina Johnson in Galveston, Texas in 1878. His parents were emancipated slaves and Henry, their first son has represented the first generation of his family to be born into freedom. Yet times were tough. Although the parents worked a succession of blue-collar jobs yet still managed to teach their six children to read and write. Galveston only had about five years of formal education before he joined the tough world of the Galveston Docks as a general labourer.
Johnson developed his boxing technique in this environment, patient and defensive, he would lie in wait for his opponent to make a mistake and then he would go in for the kill. A cautious starter he would build up his aggression over a series of rounds and then continuously punish his opponents rather than go all out for a knockout blow.
The press of the day rounded on Johnson for his technique. Yet only a decade earlier they had praised “Gentleman” Jim Corbett, considered the father of modern boxing, for a remarkably similar style. Johnson had studied the techniques of the 1892 World Boxing Champion and adapted them to his own style. Yet still, the press condemned him for being devious. Clever and colour it seemed, would not be rewarded.
By the turn of the new twentieth-century Johnson had dozens of wins.
His first title would come in 1903 – when he won a title that no one would contemplate these days – the World Heavyweight Championship. He could have won the world at that time but the champion of the time, James J Jeffries simply refused to fight him – on purely racially grounds.
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Today, this would mean the end of someone’s boxing career and international vilification in the press. However, in 1903 Jeffries was well within his rights. Other championships were open to black boxers, but the world title was blocked, completely off-limits. Not to be thwarted, in 1907 Johnson proved his mettle when he knocked out a former World Heavyweight Champion in the second round.
Jack Johnson used a tactic familiar to us today to secure a match. He virtually stalked the world champion (the Canadian Tommy Burns) around the world and used the press (his old enemy) to taunt the boxer in to finally agreeing to fight him. Burns finally gave in and on Boxing Day 1908 the pair went head-to-head for fourteen rounds in front of over twenty thousand people in Sydney, Australia (see picture below). The police and the referee stopped it awarded the title to Johnson.
The referee deemed the win to be a Technical Knock Out (TKO) deeming Burns unable to continue. However, Johnson had clearly won the fight, having soundly beaten the champion, particularly in the later rounds. The technicality must have made him furious, but he had what he wanted – the Heavyweight Championship of the World.
There was an immediate and racial backlash towards Johnson in the press, who had happily printed his goads towards Burns but had not expected him to win. Jack London (who wrote Call of the Wild) was one of many who called for a Great White Hope to come along and beat Johnson. And so, they did – many of them in exhibition matches.
While champion, Jack Johnson lived the life of a celebrity and was forever in the press or on the radio.
He endorsed a substantial number of products and became a hobbyist, joining in the new fad for automobile racing. He was always immaculately and expensively tailored – and had a fine line in nouveau riche wit. When stopped once for speeding he gave the traffic cop a one hundred dollar note. The fine was fifty and the police officer protested that he had no change to give. Keep it, rejoined Johnson – I intend to make my return trip at the same speed.
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Jack Johnson retained his title and earned (for those days) an enormous $65,000. Yet the result of the fight was to have untold consequences. His retention of the title provoked race riots in more than 25 states and 50 cities, all on the fourth of July. Humiliated by his victory whites took the law into their own hands and police had to stop several attempts at a lynching.
Most of the riots began as Black communities celebrated in the streets and the police and neighbouring white retaliated through sheer spite. Chicago police, notably, allowed the celebrations to continue peacefully and the poet William Waring Cuney was inspired to write My Lord, What a Morning. It is short, pointed and very funny.
O my Lord
What a morning,
O my Lord,
What a feeling,
When Jack Johnson
Turned Jim Jeffries’
Snow-white face
to the ceiling.
Jack Johnson kept the title till 1915 when he lost it to Jess Willard, a Kansas cowboy. It went on for an amazing 26 rounds and ended with Johnson KO’d. By this point, Johnson was 37 and past his peak. Yet Johnson’s name will live on forever in boxing history forever.
Jack Johnson with wife Irene
In 1920 Johnson opened a club in Harlem. After three years he tired of it and sold it to a notorious gangster, Owney Madden. Madden reopened it as The Cotton Club.
Johnson died in 1946 in a car crash near Franklinton, North Carolina. He was 68. He had lost his temper in a local diner, had rushed out and got in his car – and ultimately lost his life in the crash. Why had he rushed so angrily out of the diner? They had refused to serve him – on the grounds of his colour.
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